Shivering Thermogenesis
ST occurs when practically all of the skeletal muscle groups are involuntarily driven to contract synchronously (at ∼40 and 31 HZ in the mouse and rat, respectively), producing heat (the mechanical efficiency of shivering is 0%).
What activates non-shivering thermogenesis?
Non-shivering thermogenesis is regulated mainly by thyroid hormone and the sympathetic nervous system. Some hormones, such as norepinephrine and leptin, may stimulate thermogenesis by activating the sympathetic nervous system.
Is shivering thermogenesis voluntary?
This is achieved voluntarily in the form of contractions from exercising muscles or involuntarily in the form of contractions from shivering muscles and the recruitment of nonshivering mechanisms.
