He was born to at least one wizard parent sometime before 1951, somewhere in the British Isles. Despite his magical parentage, Filch was a Squib, meaning he could not perform magic.

Can Squibs do any magic?

A Squib is a non-magical person born to at least one magical parent (Pm). They are much rarer than Muggle-born witches and wizards (CS9). A Squib is not a Muggle. Born to a wizarding family, a Squib has such a low level of magical power that he or she is essentially unable to do any magic at all.

Did Filch ever learn magic?

13 He Took Secret Magic Classes By Mail

Despite being born into a magical family and working at Hogwarts, eagle-eyed viewers may have noticed that Filch never uses a wand. ... In the books, it is revealed that Filch is so ashamed of his squib status that he is taking a beginners magic course by correspondence (Kwikspell).