A majority of dogs are emmetropic. Deviations from emmetropia may be related to an abnormal refractive strength of the
Are dogs hyperopic?
Dogs were considered ametropic (myopic or hyperopic) when the mean refractive state (the resting focus of the eye at rest relative to visual infinity) exceeded +/- 0.5 diopter (D).
Do animals have refractive error?
Animals can also have refractive errors. Several studies have been done to assess dogs, cats and horses for refractive error. These studies found that most animals have very little refractive error, although certain dog breeds were found to be near- or far-sighted. Adult cats seem to have minimal refractive error.
