Android supports FAT32/Ext3/Ext4 file system. Most of the the latest smartphones and tablets support exFAT file system. Usually, whether the file system is supported by a device or not depends on the devices software/hardware.

Does Android 11 support exFAT?

No (for exFAT).

What devices support exFAT?

exFAT is also supported by most cameras, smartphones and newer gaming consoles such as Playstation 4 and Xbox One. exFAT is also supported by Android’s latest versions: Android 6 Marshmallow and Android 7 Nougat. According to this website, exFAT is supported by Android since its version 4 came around.