DNA is contained in blood, semen, skin cells, tissue, organs, muscle, brain cells, bone, teeth, hair, saliva, mucus, perspiration, fingernails, urine, feces, etc.

Can DNA be traced through urine?

It's difficult to detect DNA in urine. Low white blood cell and epithelial cell counts can affect DNA in the urine. DNA can also deteriorate quicker in urine, making it more challenging to extract biomarkers before they lose their integrity.

How long does DNA stay in urine?

When urine is stored at -20°C, around 75% of the DNA degrades within 28 days [11,14], making a quantitative recovery difficult after this period [9]. A temperature of -80°C improves recovery up to 28 days of storage but increases storage costs [15,16].