The excluded values are those values for the variable that result in the expression having a denominator of 0. Factor the numerator and denominator.

What is an excluded value on a graph?

The excluded value is the x value where the graph does not exist. To find the exclude value, set the denominator equal to zero.

What does included and excluded mean in math?

The notation may be a little confusing, but just remember that square brackets mean the end point is included, and round parentheses mean it's excluded. If both end points are included the interval is said to be closed, if they are both excluded it's said to be open.