Child abuse, severe punishments and/or neglect can also cause someone to use passive-aggressive behaviors. With low self-esteem caused by such as these it is difficult to be assertive as an adult. Some people also learn passive-aggressive behavior as adults.

What is the root cause of passive-aggressive behavior?

Passive aggression often stems from underlying anger, sadness, or insecurity, of which the person may or may not be consciously aware. Passive-aggressive behavior may be an expression of those emotions or an attempt to gain control in a relationship. Bearing that in mind can inform how you respond.

How do you outsmart a passive-aggressive person?

Here are ways to successfully deal with passive-aggressive people.