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Just so, how much cooler is it in the shade than in the sun?

The Temperature in the Shade Isn't Cooler than The Temperature in the Sunlight. In the shade, you may feel 10-15 degrees cooler, but the temperature is the exact same as the temperature in full sunlight. Shade only feels cooler because you are avoiding solar radiation.

Furthermore, how does direct sunlight affect temperature? Direct sunlight hitting the earth's surface causes higher temperatures than indirect sunlight. Sunlight passes through the air but does not heat it. Rather, light energy from the sun hits liquids and solids on the surface of the earth. However, different surfaces absorb different amounts of light energy.

Beside this, are weather forecast temperatures taken in the shade?

Temperatures are always measured in the shade because the "shade temperature" is the true air temperature. A thermometer in sunlight is registering the heat energy of sunlight, not the true air temperature.

Is the air temperature in the sun the same in the shade?

Dear Tom, Parade Magazine's Marilyn Savant says air temperature is the same in the sun as in the shade, but placing a thermometer in the sun heats up the thermometer. A thermometer placed in the sun measures the temperature that the sun heats the thermometer to, not the true air temperature.