In patients with reduced systolic function and abnormal central hemodynamics who are in sinus rhythm, digoxin improves left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and reduces pulmonary capillary wedge pressure while increasing cardiac output both at rest and during exercise.

How does digoxin affect cardiac output?

Digoxin induces an increase in intracellular sodium that will drive an influx of calcium in the heart and cause an increase in contractility. Cardiac output increases with a subsequent decrease in ventricular filling pressures.

What drugs increase cardiac output?

Inotropic agents such as milrinone, digoxin, dopamine, and dobutamine are used to increase the force of cardiac contractions.