Psychrophiles or cryophiles (adj. psychrophilic or cryophilic) are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures, ranging from −20 °C to +10 °C. They are found in places that are permanently cold, such as the polar regions and the deep sea.

Where do extremophiles live on Earth?

Extremophiles are organisms that live in "extreme environments," under high pressure and temperature. Bacteria often form on the rocks near the hydrothermal vents. Pictured is the Sully Vent in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific.

How do psychrophiles survive in their environment?

To survive at temperatures close to the freezing point of water, psychrophiles have evolved some important cellular adaptations, including mechanisms to maintain membrane fluidity [[3, 4]], synthesis of cold-acclimation proteins [[5]], freeze tolerance strategies [[6]], and cold-active enzymes.